Факторний аналіз ефективності використання оборотних коштів підприємства

Abstract

Стаття присвячена актуальним проблемам факторного аналізу ефективності використання оборотних коштів підприємства. Визначено, що факторний аналіз ефективності використання оборотних коштів надає можливість з’ясувати вплив факторів, що впливають на результативний показник. Таким показником є тривалість обороту оборотного капіталу. Доведено, що оскільки факторна модель має крім адитивних зв’язків між факторами і мультиплікативні, то розрахунки доцільно проводити методом виявлення ізольованого впливу факторів, який має певні переваги порівняно з методом ланцюгових підстановок. Запропоновано дезагреговану факторну модель розрахунку впливу окремих елементів оборотних коштів на зміну ефективності використання оборотного капіталу.

The article is devoted to actual problems of factor analysis of the efficiency of using of circulating assets of enterprises. The study noted that to determine the efficiency of the using of circulating assets the indicators of turnover are used, namely: the circulating assets turnover ratio, circulating assets to net sales ratio, the average duration of one turnover and profitability: the profitability of working capital. To assess the impact of changes in the efficiency of use of circulating assets, calculate the release or involvement of working capital, which is divided into absolute and relative. It is established that the factor analysis of the efficiency of use of circulating assets allows to identify the influence of factors that affect the effective index. This index is the duration of the turnover of working capital. Proposed that for building a disaggregated factor model and analyzing the influence of particular elements of circulating assets on changes in the efficiency of circulating assets use, each circulating assets to net sales ratio should be represented as the sum of the coefficients of consolidation of elements of the circulation fund. And the circulating production assets to net sales ratio, calculated for marketable products, is presented as the sum of the coefficients of consolidation of elements of circulating production assets, calculated for commercial products. It has been substantiated, that since the factor model has, in addition to the additive connections between factors, and multiplicative ones, it is advisable to carry out calculations by identifying the isolated influence of factors. The method of identifying the isolated influence of factors comes from the premise that while building an index factor system, one of the factors changes, and all the others are fixed at the basic level. Measurement of the contribution of each factor to the growth of the effective economic indicator ΔY does not depend on the sequence of revealing the influence of other factors, that is, it occurs in isolation, which led to the name of this method of index analysis. This method has certain advantages in comparison with the method of chain substitutions. It allows you to select in a "pure" form the synergistic effect of the interaction of major factors. When using the method of chain substitutions, this effect joins all factors except volumetric. This is one of the most important advantages of the considered method. The results of the study can be used in the activities of the enterprise for the management of circulating assets.